THE INHALATION ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

DRUG ADMINISTRATION BY THE INHALATION ROUTE

    Drug administration through inhalation route is the term used when the drug is administered through the air particles which is to be delivered by proper aerosol device. By this route the drug is to be inhaled;then it is subjected to be absorbed into the human body and flows into the lungs.          

     The drugs are usually administered by inhalation through the nose or mouth. They produce both local effect as well as systemic effect. This route is most commonly used for the treatment of the respiratory problem such as asthma. In this case of inhalation route, drugs are delivered directly to the site of action i.e. lungs. 

Inhalation route of drug administration

     The term is used when the medication is to be used administered through the respiration system. The drug is most commonly available in the various form like gas, vapor, powder.

     In such route the drug is administered by three type of route i.e.

• Vaporization- Drug administered by this process is subjected to be changed from the formation of liquid or solid to the gaseous form or vapor with the help of heat e.g.-in case of steam inhalation. 
• Gas inhalation- In this process drug is administered directly in the gaseous form. It should not be used in anesthetic patient.
• Nebulization- The fine spray of drugs is to be administered by the formation of compressed gas.  

     In such route the drugs are to be taken through a variety of dosage forms consisting the simple inhalations in case of volatile ingredients such as menthol, the sophisticated inhaler or aerosol devices. 
    The major advantage of the inhaled route of drug administration is that the dose of the drug requirement to provide the desired effect is relatively smaller which is not resembling to the oral route of drug absorption. The onset of action is very fast. Because the blood flows directly to the lungs and their large surface area. It is also used to provide the systemic action.

THE PARENTERAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

DRUG ADMINISTRATION BY PARENTERAL ROUTE

    It is the most effective route of drug administration. Because the drug is direct inject into the blood circulation and also because of its quick onset of action. This is the term used when drug is administered by injection.

Various parenteral route

    There are several type of parenteral route by which drug is to be administered i.e.

• Intravenous route- The drug is directly injected into the systemic blood circulation. This produces very quick onset of action. After intravenous administration of drugs they reaches at the site of action within a few seconds.
• Subcutaneous route- The route is where the drugs are to be injected into the subcutaneous layer of the skin. This is the easiest and least painful type of injection to be administered.
• Intramuscular route- The drugs are injected into muscle layers. This method can be used to produce very fast onset of action when the aqueous drug solution are given. But the drug formulated in suspension or in oily vehicle is administered, the duration of action is very long. By the administration in this form the drug activities is relatively slow.  

The advantages of parenteral route of drug administration:

• It cause immediate the physiologic effect.
• Some drugs are ineffective when they are administered by orally or topically. In such case they can be administered by the parenteral route.E.g. insulin, several hormones etc.
• In case of u-cooperative, unconscious, nauseous patients it is more effective route.
• It can produce the local effects such as in dentistry and anaesthesiology.
• The route is important when the imbalance between the body fluid and the electrolytes is occurred. 
• Some nutrients is necessary to be administered into the blood when the patient is not able to take food orally. 

THE RECTAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

DRUG ADMINISTRATION BY THE RECTAL ROUTE

      The rectum is the cavity of the body through which the drug is to be administered. From there the drug is readily be absorbed well. Drug administered by this route is useful when the medication can not be administered orally in case of nausea, vomiting.

     The drug usually administered by the rectal route in the dosage form is semi-solid suppository. The absorption of suppositories from the rectum is influenced by the such factors like the base used in suppository, the usage of surfactant, several additives etc. Sometimes liquid or solid dosage form also is to be inserted as doctor advices.

     The drug is administered into the rectum cavity from where the drug is released to give the local effect or it is absorbed to provide the systemic effect.

     The rectum is linked with three vein i.e. middle rectal vein, lower inferior rectal vein and upper rectal vein. Those first two vein i.e. middle and lower rectal vein  help to drain the medications directly into the systemic blood circulation and the upper vein helps to drain the drug into the portal system from where it again goes to the liver. So, you can see some portion of drug absorbed from the rectum is subjected to the first pass metabolism in the liver. The dissolution of drug is mostly affected by the fluid which is created in rectum. 

The advantages of rectal route of drug administration are:

• It is suitable for the patients with nausea, vomiting and also for the unconscious patients. Because the drug is unable to be administered orally. It is also useful in case of uncooperative patients like children, mentally disturbed patient, dysphagia.
• It is most preferable route of drug administration when the drug causes the irritation in gastrointestinal tract.

The disadvantage of the route is drug absorption from the rectal cavity is sometimes irregular and unpredictable in comparing with another route of drug administration and may produce the tendency of several effect.

THE BUCCAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

DRUG ADMINISTRATION THROUGH BUCCAL ROUTE

   The buccal route or sublingual route which is much related to the oral administration of drugs; however in this case the medication is not to be swallowed. 

    The tablet is usually to be placed under the tongue or in the buccal, the pouch of the cheek. The medications are subjected to be dissolved in the buccal. The drug administration through the buccal route is more advantageous because it's readily absorption and bypassing through the gastrointestinal tract. In case of heart patient, the drug named nitroglycerine is likely to be administered by the sublingual route for rapid onset of action.

The buccal route of drug administration

    The drug administered by the buccal route is usually formulated as tablet or spray which is readily be absorbed from the buccal cavity. the highly vascular nature of tongue and buccal cavity and the presence of saliva which are the main factor to facilitate the drug dissolution. The buccal route of drug administration is commonly preferred for the local action because it produces the local effect. 

The two sites are often used for better absorption from the buccal cavity. They are sublingual route and buccal route.

• In case of sublingual absorption, the site where the medication is to be placed is the space under the tongue. This site is reported to have rapid onset of action of drug. The duration of action is short.

• For the purpose of buccal absorption, the site to be used is buccal sulcus. This is the place between the upper or lower lip and the gum. The dosage form specially the tablet is readily be absorbed to produce the quick onset of action. Its duration of action is very long.

 The advantages of drug administration by the buccal or sublingual route are:

• Relatively quick onset of action of the drug administered by this route.
• After the absorption of the drug from the buccal cavity it goes directly into the systemic blood circulation. So, this medication can avoid the first pass effect in the liver.
• This route is more useful for the unconscious patients.

THE ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION.

DRUG ADMINISTRATION THROUGH THE ORAL ROUTE

    The oral route is the easiest way to consume the medicine. Today almost of the all drugs are available to be administered by oral route.. The dosage form in which the drugs are available for oral route administration are solid form like tablet, capsule, liquid form such as solution,suspension and powder. 

      The oral route usually produces systemic effect. For the systemic effect the liquid or solid dosage form reveals the drug in stomach and therefore the drug is absorbed from the G.I. tract or gastrointestinal tract. The drug administered through the oral route is less expensive comparing to another type dosage forms.   

Oral route of drug administration

      It is most popular and commonly used route for drug administration. Because as per as patient's view it is the simplest and safest route of drug administration. So, self administration of drug can easily be carried out.

      Here some disadvantages that sometimes may be happened like that

• The duration of action of the orally administered drug is very slow to treat the disease.
• Sometimes the absorption of drug from gastrointestinal tract may not be regular.
• Some enzymes present in gastrointestinal tract can destroy some medications.
• It is unacceptable for the unconscious patient and also to the patients who has the tendency to vomit.
• It is subjected to the hepatic metabolism before entering into the systemic blood circulation because the blood comes from gastrointestinal tract subjected to be flow through the liver via the hepatic portal system. This metabolism is well known as presystemic metaoblism or the first pass metabolism.
• The solubility of drug is sometimes modified by the presence of some substances like calcium in gastrointestinal tract.
• Stomach empty or filled up is an important factor for the oral route of drug administration. 

GUAVA

THE AMAZING BENEFITS OF GUAVA

      Guava is a fruit which commonly is avoided for its hardness pulp and having many seeds inside it. But you must know the guava fruit is scientifically reported to have essential health beneficial nutrients. For improvement of several kind of activity in the body.
     Guava consists of round or almost round shaped fruit of the plant known as Psidium guajava which belongs to the family of Myrtaceae. The ripen fruit pulp is in generally two colours i.e. white and purple.

Guava fruit benefit

• Guava provides low calorie. It is a good source of important vitamins, poly-phenolic and flavonoid anti-oxidants, several minerals. Those active constituents help to boost the immunity system of the body. Guava also minimize the development of several cancer. Guava fruits are also known to have excellent anti-aging property.

• The guava fruit contains the good quantity of dietary fiber which is a mild laxative. Those soluble fiber promote the cell mucous membrane in colon and help to bind the toxic chemicals in the colon.

• This fruit is rich in vitamin C which help to resist against various toxic substances and keep away the free radical compounds leading several cancer. Additionally the vitamin is important of biosynthesis of collagen which is a protein in the body help to improve the development the bone cell, blood vessels, skin health.

•  Guava has the adequate quantity of vitamin A that are helpful in maintenance of the content inside the mucous membrane. They are also good source in flavonoid antioxidants such as lutein, lycopene,beta-carotene etc. They also help to keep away the growth of cancer leading chemicals in case of lung cancer and oral cancer.

• The pink guava fruits are high in lycopene content. It has good protective action on skin against harmful UV rays and also help to stay away prostate cancer.

• The ripe fruit pulp consists of large proportion of potassium which helps to control normal heart rate and promote the normal blood pressure.

• The fruit also has the vitamin B complex, vitamin K and vitamin E and several minerals i.e. copper, magnesium and manganese. Manganese acts as a co-factor of superoxide dismutase enzyme. Copper is essential element in the production and development of red blood corpuscles. 

DATE PALM

THE AMAZING BENEFITS OF DATE PALM

      Date palm is popular fruit native in Saudi-Arabia. But it is universally consumed as raw or ripen. It is used in the preparation of many beverages. It has many health beneficial nutrients. It is consisted of large proportion of iron content and vitamins and minerals.
      Date palm consists of fruit of the plant known as Phoenix dactylifera which belongs to the family of Arecaceae.

Date palm fruit benefit

• Date palm provide very low quantity of fat but no cholesterol belongs to the fruit. It is found to be great source of various vitamins and several minerals. The fruits also contain high level of protein, several vitamin B complex groups like vitamin B1, vitamin B2,vitamin B3. It also contains large content of vitamin A and vitamin C.

• It is also known as good source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. They promote the digestion system. The amino acid in sufficient quantity is also responsible for improvement of digestion.

• There are several natural sugars present in adequate quantity in date palm. They are glucose, sucrose and fructose. Those sugars are extensively found to boost up the energy level in blood.

• Date palm contains the high quantity of potassium which promote the nervous system and minimize the chance of stroke. The potassium content also helps to control the blood cholesterol level. The large content of iron helps to treat the anemia by increasing the iron level in blood.

• The fruits help to increase the body weight. So, it is beneficial nutrient for the slim person who want to gain weight.

• The date palm fruits help to minimize the development of carcinogens in case of abdominal cancer.